@Article{MartinAMMSSWABFFGGJPSSW:2016:ObMoGr,
author = "Martin, Scot T. and Artaxo, P. and Machado, Luiz Augusto Toledo
and Manzi, Antonio Ocimar and Souza, R. A. F. and Schumacher, C.
and Wang, J. and Andreae, M. O. and Barbosa, H. M. J. and Fan, J.
and Fish, Gilberto and Goldstein, A. H. and Guenther, A. and
Jimenez, J. L. and Poschl, U. and Silva Dias, M.
Assun{\c{c}}{\~a}o and Smith, J. N. and Wendisch, M.",
affiliation = "{Harvard University} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)}
and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and
{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz{\^o}nia (INPA)} and
{Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (UEAM)} and {Texas A and M
University} and {Brookhaven National Laboratory} and {Max Planck
Institute for Chemistry} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo
(USP)} and {Pacific Northwest National Laboratory} and {Instituto
Aeron{\'a}utico e Espacial (IAE)} and {University of California}
and {University of California} and {University of Colorado} and
{Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o
Paulo (USP)} and {University of California} and {University of
Leipzig}",
title = "Introduction: observations and modeling of the green ocean amazon
(GoAmazon2014/5)",
journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
year = "2016",
volume = "16",
number = "8",
pages = "4785--4797",
month = "Apr.",
abstract = "The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon
(GoAmazon2014/5) Experiment was carried out in the environs of
Manaus, Brazil, in the central region of the Amazon basin for 2
years from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. The experiment
focused on the complex interactions among vegetation, atmospheric
chemistry, and aerosol production on the one hand and their
connections to aerosols, clouds, and precipitation on the other.
The objective was to understand and quantify these linked
processes, first under natural conditions to obtain a baseline and
second when altered by the effects of human activities. To this
end, the pollution plume from the Manaus metropolis, superimposed
on the background conditions of the central Amazon basin, served
as a natural laboratory. The present paper, as the introduction to
the special issue of GoAmazon2014/5, presents the context and
motivation of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The nine research
sites, including the characteristics and instrumentation of each
site, are presented. The sites range from time point zero (T0)
upwind of the pollution, to T1 in the midst of the pollution, to
T2 just downwind of the pollution, to T3 furthest downwind of the
pollution (70 km). In addition to the ground sites, a low-altitude
G-159 Gulfstream I (G-1) observed the atmospheric boundary layer
and low clouds, and a high-altitude Gulfstream G550 (HALO)
operated in the free troposphere. During the 2-year experiment,
two Intensive Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) also took place
that included additional specialized research instrumentation at
the ground sites as well as flights of the two aircraft.
GoAmazon2014/5 IOP1 was carried out from 1 February to 31 March
2014 in the wet season. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP2 was conducted from 15
August to 15 October 2014 in the dry season. The G-1 aircraft flew
during both IOP1 and IOP2, and the HALO aircraft flew during IOP2.
In the context of the Amazon basin, the two IOPs also correspond
to the clean and biomass burning seasons, respectively. The Manaus
plume is present year-round, and it is transported by prevailing
northeasterly and easterly winds in the wet and dry seasons,
respectively. This introduction also organizes information
relevant to many papers in the special issue. Information is
provided on the vehicle fleet, power plants, and industrial
activities of Manaus. The mesoscale and synoptic meteorologies
relevant to the two IOPs are presented. Regional and long-range
transport of emissions during the two IOPs is discussed based on
satellite observations across South America and Africa. Fire
locations throughout the airshed are detailed. In conjunction with
the context and motivation of GoAmazon2014/5 as presented in this
introduction, research articles including thematic overview
articles are anticipated in this special issue to describe the
detailed results and findings of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment.",
doi = "10.5194/acp-16-4785-2016",
url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4785-2016",
issn = "1680-7316 and 1680-7324",
language = "en",
targetfile = "martins_introduction.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}